Priama a nepriama reč — prehľad
Nepriama reč (reported speech) sa používa, keď hovoríme o tom, čo niekto povedal, bez priameho citovania. V porovnaní so slovenčinou angličtina mení časy, zámená aj časové výrazy.
Posun časov (Tense Backshift)
| Priama reč | Nepriama reč |
|---|---|
| Present Simple → "I live here." | Past Simple → He said he lived there. |
| Present Continuous → "I am waiting." | Past Continuous → She said she was waiting. |
| Present Perfect → "I have seen it." | Past Perfect → He said he had seen it. |
| Past Simple → "She left early." | Past Perfect → He said she had left early. |
| will → "I will call you." | would → She said she would call me. |
| can → "I can help." | could → He said he could help. |
| may → "It may rain." | might → She said it might rain. |
| must → "You must go." | had to → He said I had to go. |
| shall → "I shall return." | would → He said he would return. |
Pozor: Časy sa nemusia meniť, ak hovoríme o stále platnej skutočnosti:
"The Earth is round," she said. → She said the Earth is round.
Zmena zámen a časových výrazov
| Priama reč | Nepriama reč |
|---|---|
| I / me / my / mine | he / she · him / her · his / her · his / hers |
| we / us / our / ours | they / them / their / theirs |
| you / your | I / he / she / they · my / his / her / their |
| now | then |
| today | that day |
| yesterday | the day before / the previous day |
| tomorrow | the next day / the following day |
| last week | the week before / the previous week |
| next week | the following week |
| here | there |
| this / these | that / those |
| ago | before / previously |
Slovesá hlásenia — oznamovacie vety
| Sloveso | Štruktúra | Príklad |
|---|---|---|
| say | say (that) | She said (that) she was tired. |
| tell | tell + osoba (that) | He told me (that) he would come. |
| explain | explain (that) | She explained that it was complicated. |
| admit | admit (that) | He admitted that he had made a mistake. |
| promise | promise (that) | She promised she would be on time. |
| warn | warn + osoba (that) | He warned us that it was dangerous. |
| deny | deny + -ing | She denied stealing the money. |
| suggest | suggest + -ing / that | He suggested going to the cinema. |
| claim | claim (that) | She claimed she had never been there. |
| refuse | refuse + to + inf. | He refused to answer. |
Otázky v nepriamej reči
V nepriamej otázke sa nepoužíva inverzia a nevkladáme pomocné do / does / did:
| Priama otázka | Nepriama otázka |
|---|---|
| "Where do you live?" | He asked where I lived. ✓ He asked where did I live. ✗ |
| "What time is it?" | She asked what time it was. |
| "Are you coming?" | He asked if / whether I was coming. |
| "Did you see him?" | She asked if / whether I had seen him. |
| "Can you help me?" | He asked if I could help him. |
Áno / nie otázky v nepriamej reči sa začínajú slovom if alebo whether:
"Do you like it?" → She asked if I liked it.
Príkazy a žiadosti v nepriamej reči
Príkazy a žiadosti sa vyjadrujú pomocou tell / ask / order + osoba + to + infinitív:
| Priama reč | Nepriama reč |
|---|---|
| "Close the door!" | He told me to close the door. |
| "Don't touch that!" | She told me not to touch that. |
| "Please sit down." | He asked me to sit down. |
| "Could you help me?" | She asked me to help her. |
| "You must leave immediately." | He ordered us to leave immediately. |
Najčastejšie chyby Slovákov
| Chyba | Správne |
|---|---|
| She said me that she was tired. | She told me that she was tired. She said (that) she was tired. (say + that, tell + osoba + that) |
| He asked where did I live. | He asked where I lived. (v nepriamej otázke nie je inverzia) |
| She said that she will come. | She said that she would come. (will → would) |
| He told to me to go. | He told me to go. (tell + osoba bez predložky „to") |
| She asked me where am I from. | She asked me where I was from. (posun času + žiadna inverzia) |